CURATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH LIBRARIES

Libraries, museums and archives hold valuable collections in a variety of media, presenting a vast body of knowledge rooted in the history of human civilisation. These form the repository of the wisdom of great works by thinkers of past and the present. The holdings of these institutions are priceless heritage of the mankind as they preserve documents, ideas, and the oral and written records. To value the cultural heritage and to care for it as a treasure bequeathed to us by our ancestors is the major responsibility of libraries. The past records constitute a natural resource and are indispensable to the present generation as well as to the generations to come. Libraries preserve the documentary heritage resources for which they are primarily responsible. Any loss of such materials is simply irreplaceable. Therefore, preserving this intellectual, cultural heritage becomes not only the academic commitment but also the moral responsibility of the librarians/information scientists, who are in charge of these repositories. The high quality of the papers and the discussion represent the thinking and experience of experts in their particular fields. The contributed papers also relate to the methodology used in libraries in Asia to provide access to manuscripts and cultural heritage. The volume discusses best practices in Knowledge preservation and how to collaborate and preserve the culture. The book also deals with manuscript and archives issues in the digital era. The approach of this book is concise, comprehensively, covering all major aspects of preservation and conservation through libraries. The readership of the book is not just limited to library and information science professionals, but also for those involved in conservation, preservation, restoration or other related disciplines. The book will be useful for librarians, archivists and conservators. We thank the Sunan Kalijaga University, Special Libraries Association- Asian Chapter for their trust and their constant support, all the contributors for their submissions, the members of the Local and International Committee for their reviewing effort for making this publication possible

Spin-induced negative thermal expansion and spin–phonon coupling in van der Waals material CrBr<inf>3</inf>

The two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnets retaining magnetic order in atomically thin limit demonstrate challenging physical phenomena and they are considered as prospective building blocks for construction of advanced spintronics and nanoelectronics devices. Here, we present experimental evidence for negative thermal expansion of lattice volume and vdW layers and strong spin–phonon coupling effects, caused by formation of the long-range ferromagnetic order in the vdW material CrBr3. The neutron and X-ray diffraction measurements revealed anomalous temperature variation of lattice parameters and interatomic distances and angles in the vicinity of Curie temperature (TC). A pronounced rise of the frequencies of the most of the observed vibrational modes and unusual reversal broadening of their full widths at half maximum below TC was found from Raman spectroscopy measurements

Pressure-induced structural phase transitions in bismuth tungstate Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf>

The pressure-induced structural phase transitions in bismuth tungstate Bi2WO6 have been studied using neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy at high pressures up to 7 and 30GPa, respectively. A rich structural polymorphism was revealed. At P ≃ 3.5GPa a phase transition from the initial orthorhombic phase of P21 ab symmetry to an orthorhombic phase of B2cb symmetry was observed. This transition is caused by the complex spatial rotation of the WO6 octahedra. A subsequent isostructural phase transition to another orthorhombic phase of B2cb symmetry was detected at P ≃ 5.9GPa, accompanied by changes in both the mutual rotation and tilting of the oxygen octahedra with respect to the crystal b axis. Two more pressure-induced phase transitions in Bi2WO6 at high pressures of 11.5 and 20GPa were observed in the Raman spectra. These pressure-driven phase transitions in bismuth tungstate are accompanied by anomalies in the pressure dependences of the unit-cell parameters, bond lengths and angles, and in the vibrational modes

The detailed studies of the structural and magnetic properties of hexaferrites Ba<inf>1−x</inf>Sr<inf>x</inf>Fe<inf>12</inf>O<inf>19</inf> for 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75

The monophase polycrystalline hexaferrites Ba1−xSrxFe12O19 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75 were prepared using the sol–gel synthesis method. The average crystallite size (Dac) ranged from 47 to 50 nm with Sr doping. The crystal structure and magnetic properties have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron diffraction (ND). The structure of the studied hexaferrites is described by the hexagonal symmetry of P63/mmc space group. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed the heterogeneous distribution of the grain sizes, which takes the hexagonal shape. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the element compositions agree with the used components for each prepared sample. The substitution of Ba2+ ions by Sr2+ enhances the thermal stability of these hexaferrites. The magnetic hysteresis loops for the studied hexaferrite samples were obtained at room temperature. Different magnetic parameters are given in this work. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy parameter (Keff) initially increases for x ≤ 0.5 and then decreases for (x = 0.75). According to the analysis of neutron data, the magnetic structure formed by the Fe3+ ions, is located in five non-equivalent crystallographic sites with tetrahedral (Fe3-4f1), octahedral (Fe1-2a, Fe4-4f2, and Fe5-12k), and trigonal bipyramidal (Fe2-2b) coordinations. The strontium doping BaFe12O19 (BFO) hexaferrite affects the crystal lattice parameters, bond lengths, bond angles, and ordered magnetic moments of iron. Finally, the enhancement of the thermal stability and some magnetic parameters of the studied hexaferrite samples could be important for applications